Izinhlobo ze-Android

Sonke siyazi ukuthi kukhona okungapheli Izimpawu Zokusebenza, ukuthi isofthiwe lokho kusisiza ukuthi senze ikhompyutha noma idivayisi yeselula isebenze ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Singazithola ezijwayelekile kakhulu, njengeWindows, kepha kukhona nezinye kwesinye isikhathi ezinganakwa, njengoba bekulokhu kuze kube manje. Android. Kulesi sikhala ungathola konke okuphathelene nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhona manje, izeluleko, imininingwane nakho konke okuphathelene nazo.

Njalo ngonyaka, i-Android ikhipha inguqulo entsha enezici eziningi ezintsha nokuthuthuka. Sikutshela konke ngezinguqulo zakamuva ze-Android, izibuyekezo namahemuhemu wokukhishwa okuzayo.

Ku-2018, bekuyiminyaka eyi-10 kusukela kwethulwa i-Android emakethe. Uhlelo lokusebenza lweGoogle lube nentuthuko emangalisayo eminyakeni edlule. Abakhiqizi abaningi bayalusebenzisa lolu hlelo lokusebenza, olusetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, futhi eminyakeni edlule izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene sezivele zikhishiwe.

Ngohlobo olusha ngalunye lwe-Android, izici ezintsha nokuthuthuka okukhulu kufikile ohlelweni lokusebenza. Ngokulandelayo sizokhuluma ngalezi zinguqulo, ukuze uthole umbono ocacile wokuziphendukela kwemvelo obe nakho eminyakeni edlule.

I-Android Pie 1.0

Uhlobo lokuqala lohlelo lokusebenza lwethulwe ngokusemthethweni ngoSepthemba 23, 2008. Ucingo lokuqala olwalusebenzisa kwakuyi-HTC Dream. Uhlelo lokusebenza belungaphelele, kepha ubungabona amazwibela alokho ongaba yikho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Eminye imisebenzi seyivele yethulwe esekhona nanamuhla, njengokuvumelanisa ne-Gmail, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Google ezinjengeMephu, Ikhalenda, Oxhumana nabo, i-YouTube noma injini yokusesha yakwaGoogle esipheqululini. I-Android Market (inguqulo yokuqala ye-Google Play Isitolo) nayo yenziwa yatholakala kubasebenzisi. Yize ezinyangeni zokuqala ubungeke uthenge ama-apps.

Kuwo wonke unyaka ka-2009 kwakhishwa ezinye izinhlobo eziningana, iBanana Bread 1.1, Cupcake 1.5 neDonut 1.6. Kuluhlu lwezinguqulo eziphakathi lapho kwethulwe khona imisebenzi emisha, ngaphezu kokuthuthuka okuthile kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-Android. Okubaluleke kakhulu bekuyi-Android 1.6 Donut, ebimaka ukufika kwayo emphakathini jikelele. IHTC Magic kwakuyifoni ebaluleke kakhulu kuleso sigaba.

I-Android 2.0 / 2.1 Eclair

Ngo-Okthoba 26, 2009, inguqulo yesibili yohlelo lokusebenza yafika ngokusemthethweni. Izindaba eziningi zeza nayo, iningi lazo lisekhona nanamuhla. Ukuzulazula ku-Google Amamephu kwethulwe, isiphequluli savuselelwa ngokuphelele, futhi isikrini sasekhaya sase senziwe saba ngokwezifiso.

Ukwethulwa kokuzulazula kuGoogle Maps bekuyinto ebalulekile ku-Android. Njengoba i-smartphone iphinde yaba yidivayisi abasebenzisi abangayisebenzisa ukuzitholela ngokwabo noma ukuhlela imizila. Umsebenzi obalulekile wabasebenzisi. Olunye lwezingcingo ezisebenzise le nguqulo yohlelo kwakuyi-Galaxy S. Isizukulwane sokuqala sendawo ephezulu yamanje yomkhiqizo waseKorea.

I-Android 2.2 Froyo

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngoMeyi 20, 2010, uFroyo wafika. Ngalo mqondo, ubungabona ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kweGoogle ukwenza ngcono isistimu yokusebenza ngemisebenzi emisha nezinguquko ekwakhiweni. Le nguqulo ibingenye yalezo ezifinyelele kuzithameli eziningi nezigidi zabathengi ukuxhumana kwazo kokuqala ne-Android.

Isihlanganisi se-Dalvik, imiyalo yezwi noma ukuhambisana kwe-Adoble Flash yizinguquko eziyinhloko le nguqulo entsha yohlelo olusishiyelayo. Ngale nguqulo yohlelo, i-HTC Desire nayo yafika emakethe. Ucingo oluthokozele ukuthandwa okukhulu phakathi kwabathengi.

Isinkwa se-Gingerbread se-Android 2.3

Ekupheleni kuka-2010 besinenguqulo entsha ye-Android emakethe. Uma ngabe abangaphambilini bebesethathe izinyathelo ezinkulu ekuqhubekeni kwabo emakethe, kungenzeka ukuthi le nguqulo bekungukunwetshwa kwabo okucacile. Kwakuwuhlobo olucwengisiswe kakhulu lwesistimu, ngazo zonke izindlela. Kokubili ngokwedizayini nemisebenzi.

Kuwo, ukusekelwa kwezinzwa ezifana ne-gyroscope noma i-barometer kwafakwa okokuqala ngqa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumafoni amaningi kwakuyinguqulo yokugcina abayitholile, ngoba iGoogle yaqala ukuyeka ukunikeza ukusekelwa. Bekubalulekile futhi ngoba kanye nayo, i-Samsung Galaxy Note yokuqala ifike emakethe.

I-honeycomb ye-Android 3.0

Mashi 2011, ezinyangeni ezintathu nje ngemuva kwenguqulo yangaphambilini, sinenguqulo entsha ye-Android isilungile. Akuyona nje noma iyiphi inguqulo, ngoba ifike emakethe maphakathi ne-boom yethebhulethi. Ngalesi sizathu, inguqulo yesistimu yokusebenza yathuthukiswa nayo ehambisana namathebulethi.

Eqinisweni, le nguqulo 3.0 isebenza kuphela namathebulethi. Kubonise ukungena kweGoogle kule ngxenye yemakethe. Kwakuyinguqulo eyenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kusikrini esikhudlwana, enemisebenzi emisha namawijethi, kanye nemodi ehlukile yokwenza izinto eziningi. Kwakuyisikhathi sokwanda emakethe, lapho izinhlobo eziningi zazibeka engcupheni ngamamodeli.

I-Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ekupheleni kuka-2011, ikakhulukazi ngo-Okthoba 12, 2011, inguqulo 4.0 yohlelo lokusebenza yasungulwa. Uhlobo lwe-Android lubize ukuhlanganisa yonke into. Ngoba yenziwa yatholakala kuwo womabili amafoni namathebulethi. Kubalule ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yohlelo lokusebenza.

Ngokubukeka kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ku-Google. Izici ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwamawijethi wokukhiya isikrini, izinkinobho ezisesikrinini, kanye nekhono lokusula izaziso ngokuthinta komzimba kwethulwe. Iphinde yabonisa ukufika kwe-Android Beam ngokusemthethweni emakethe. IMotorola ibingenye yemikhiqizo ehamba phambili ngalesi sikhathi, enamamodeli afana ne-Moto RAZR.

I-Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Uhlobo olulandelayo lohlelo lokusebenza, olukhishwe ngoJuni 2012, lwalungenye yezidume kakhulu kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kokuba enye yezinkampani eziye zaba khona kakhulu emakethe emhlabeni wonke. Okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi kushintshe kakhulu, njengoba uhlelo manje seluphendula ngendlela ewuketshezi kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa bekungcono kakhulu.

Imiyalo yezwi nokufika kweGoogle Now bekuyizici ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-Android Jelly Bean. Izaziso zenziwe ngcono neProject Butter nayo yafika, ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni. I-Sony Xperia Z yayiyi-flagship ngalesi sikhathi. Ngenxa yekhamera yayo eyi-13 MP nokungangeni manzi, enye yezingcingo zokuqala ze-Android kulokhu.

I-Android 4.4 KitKat

I-Android 4.4 KitKat inguqulo esathandwa ngabasebenzisi abaningi namuhla. Kubeke izisekelo zokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luyini namuhla. I-Google ifake ubuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile, obusekhona ohlelweni lokusebenza nanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphawule ukufika komyalo we-Ok Google.

Idizayini iqhubekile nokuziphendukela kwayo, ihlanzeke ngandlela thile futhi ikhululekile ukusebenzisa i-interface. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa ngcono ukuze izingcingo ezisezingeni eliphansi zisebenze kangcono ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuqoshwa kwesikrini nakho kwethulwe kumadivayisi.

I-Android 5.0 Lollipop

Yethulwe ngoNovemba 2014, kungenye yalezi zinguqulo ezenze isasasa elikhethekile phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-Android. Akuyona into emangazayo, ngoba ingenye yalabo abasishiyele nezinguquko ezinkulu. I-Material Design yenze ukungena kwayo ngale nguqulo yohlelo lokusebenza. Kwakuwushintsho olukhulu lokuqala asishiya ngalo.

Kusho nokufika kwama-processor amasha angama-64-bit, ngoba i-Android manje ibasekela. Kwethulwa nokusekelwa kweMultiscreen, iSmartlock yafinyelela ohlelweni lokusebenza futhi ekugcineni, kwafika iProject Volta.

I-Android 6.0 Marshmallow

Ngo-Okthoba 2015, inguqulo yesithupha ye-Android yayivele ikhona emakethe. Uhlobo oluqhubekayo, lapho bekucaca khona ukuthi iGoogle ibivele inemibono ecacile ngalokho abafuna ukukufeza ngohlelo olusebenzayo. Kepha, ukugcina umkhuba wokwethula ukuthuthuka okubalulekile kuwo.

Kule nguqulo, kuthathwe isinqumo sokuthuthukisa obekuvele kukhona ku-Android. Azikho izinguquko ezinkulu, kepha kube nokuthuthuka okuningi, okuhloselwe ukunika ukusebenza okungcono. Ukuphathwa kwebhethri kuthuthukisiwe, izimvume zohlelo lokusebenza manje sezilawuleka, futhi isitoreji esivumelanayo besilapha. Iphinde yabuyisa ikhadi le-SD kumafoni we-Android. I-Google Now nayo yethule ku-Tap, okuthi ngandlela thile yakha izisekelo zalokho i-Google Assistant eyikho namuhla.

I-Android 7.0 Nougat

Uhlobo lwakamuva kakhulu, olusetshenziswe kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula. Ukufika kwayo kucishe kwasibekelwa ukwethulwa kweGoogle Pixel. Ukusesha ngezwi bekungezinye zezikhiye zale nguqulo ye-Android. Futhi izilungiselelo ezisheshayo zolimi. Yize umsebenzi owawulindelwe ngabaningi kwakuyi-multi-window. Into esevele ifikile noNougat.

Njengenguqulo yangaphambilini, iGoogle izinikele ekuqhubekeni nokwenza ngcono izici eziningi ezikhona ohlelweni lokusebenza. Inqubekela phambili yayo yayihamba kancane emakethe, kepha yaziwa ngomqhele njengenguqulo eshiye nentuthuko nokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle komsebenzisi.

I-Android 8.0 Oreo

Ikhishwe ngo-Agasti 2017, le nguqulo ye-Android ibizwa ngabaningi njengabahlakaniphe kakhulu okwamanje. IGoogle Assistant ihlanganiswe ku-Android, ikwenza kucace ukuthi ibivele iyinto ebalulekile kucebo lenkampani yaseMelika. Konke okunye, ukuthuthuka okuncane bekuza ohlelweni.

Ukuthuthuka kokuqedela ngokuzenzakalela, ukwethulwa kweModi Yesithombe-Esithombeni. Ngokungeziwe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisheshayo, ongazizama ngaphandle kokuzifaka, okuthile okungenzeka ngemidlalo. Uhlobo eze nehambisana nesizukulwane sesibili seGoogle Pixel. I-Pixel 2 XL ngokungangabazeki ingenye yamamodeli wekhwalithi ephelele kakhulu futhi aphezulu akhishwe ku-Android.

I-Android 9.0 Pie

Uhlobo lwakamuva kakhulu lohlelo lokusebenza kuze kube manje, olukhishwe ngo-Agasti 2018. Uhlobo lapho ubuhlakani bokufakelwa bulapha ukuhlala ku-Android. Kuhloselwe ukuthi abasebenzisi basebenzise uhlelo olusebenzayo ngendlela entsha. Okuthile okuboniswa ukuthinta.

Kuthuthukisiwe futhi ekuphathweni kwebhethri, ukukhanya okuguqukayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyabona ukuthi i-notch isiphenduke kanjani into ejwayelekile phakathi kwamafoni. Okuthile okuphoqa uhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuzivumelanisa nalolu hlelo olusha kuma-smartphones e-Android.

I-Android 10.0

I-Android 10.0 inguqulo yakamuva yesistimu yokusebenza yeselula ye-Google, enohlu lwezici ezithuthukisiwe eziyenza ibe ngcono kakhulu kunezinguqulo zangaphambilini. Le nguqulo ye-Android inikeza ulwazi lomsebenzisi bushelelezi futhi iphephile, kanye nokusebenziseka okukhulu kubasebenzisi.

Olunye lwezinguquko eziyinhloko kule nguqulo ye-Android i design entsha yomsebenzisi enembile kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Idizayini entsha yenza kube lula ukuzulazula ohlelweni futhi ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole ngokushesha abakudingayo. Izithonjana manje sezikhudlwana futhi zicace kakhudlwana, futhi umklamo usuwonke ungowamanje kakhulu futhi ungowokugcina kancane.

I-Android 10.0 nayo iletha ukuphepha kanye nezithuthukisi zobumfihlo. Isibonelo, manje sekunesici esisha esibizwa ngokuthi "Umkhawulo Wendawo" esikuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukuthi lungakanani ulwazi owabelana ngalo nezinhlelo zokusebenza namasevisi. Lokhu kukusiza ukuthi uvikele ubumfihlo bakho futhi uvimbele idatha yakho ekusebenziseni kabi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nguqulo ye-Android nayo ithuthukise ukusekela kwayo kumadivayisi ahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi manje ingasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi, njengama-smartphones, amaphilisi, amawashi ahlakaniphile, namanye amadivaysi. Lokhu kwenza i-Android ibe yinketho eguquguqukayo kakhulu kubasebenzisi.

I-Android 10.0 nayo inakho ithuthukise ukwesekwa kwayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza nemidlalo. Manje kunezinketho eziningi zabasebenzisi, okuhlanganisa ikhono lokudlala into engekho ngokoqobo kanye nemidlalo yento engekho ngokoqobo e-augmented. Lokhu kwenza ukuzizwisa amageyimu kube ngcono kakhulu futhi kube mnandi kakhulu.

Ibuye inikeze nge ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwebhethri. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bangajabulela impilo yebhethri ende, okuvumela ama-smartphone ukuthi asebenze isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokushaja.

I-Android 11.0

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-Android 11.0 yi- ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe kanye nobumfihlo. Kwengezwe isici esivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi balawule ukuthi ubani ongafinyelela idatha yomuntu siqu, njengendawo, ikhamera, nemakrofoni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bathola ukulawula okungcono kakhulu kudatha yomuntu siqu ababelana ngayo.

Esinye isici esibalulekile se-Android 11.0 yi- ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe. Abasebenzisi manje sebengakwazi ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi nge-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, ne-5G. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa amadivayisi abo ngesivinini esikhulu nobubanzi.

Futhi, i-Android 11.0 ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwebhethri, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bonge amandla ngenkathi bejabulela ulwazi lomsebenzisi. Le nguqulo yesistimu yokusebenza futhi inikeza a ukusetshenziswa okungcono kwenkumbulo, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole okuningi kumadivayisi wabo.

I-Android 11.0 nayo inikeza ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwegeyimu. Le nguqulo yesistimu yokusebenza ithuthukisiwe ukuze inikeze ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwegeyimu, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bajabulele ukuzizwisa amageyimu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi abayisebenzisayo.

I-Android 12.0

Le nguqulo iza igcwele ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezici ezintsha ezizokwenza impilo ibe lula kakhulu kubasebenzisi.

Esinye sezici ezivelele ze-Android 12.0 yi- interface yomsebenzisi entsha. Lesi sixhumi esibonakalayo siklanyelwe ukuba sibe esinembile futhi sesimanjemanje, sibe nephalethi yombala entsha, ukuqonda kangcono ukuthinta, ukugqwayiza okushelelayo, nokwenza ngokwezifiso okwengeziwe.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile i- ukusekelwa kwefomethi yesithombe se-HEIC. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi manje bangakwazi ukuthatha izithombe ngefomethi yekhwalithi ephezulu ngaphandle kokuthinta indawo yokugcina, elungele abasebenzisi abanamafoni anememori ephansi.

I-Android 12.0 futhi izilawuli zobumfihlo ezithuthukisiwe, okusho ukuthi abasebenzisi banokulawula okwengeziwe kwalokho ababelana ngakho nezinkampani zangaphandle. Abasebenzisi manje bangakhawulela ukufinyelela kudatha yomuntu siqu, banqume ukuthi ulwazi lwabiwa nini, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingabona ulwazi.

I-Android 12.0 futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwebhethri. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amafoni manje angakwazi ukuhamba isikhathi eside phakathi kwezindleko, okuhle kakhulu kulabo abachitha isikhathi esiningi bengekho ekhaya futhi abangakwazi ukufinyelela imbobo yokushaja.

Futhi, i-Android 12.0 nayo isilawuli sezokuphepha senziwe ngcono. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bangavikeleka kakhulu lapho besebenzisa amadivayisi abo, njengoba isistimu yokusebenza manje ingabona izinsongo ezingaba khona futhi izivimbe ngaphambi kokuba zenze noma yimuphi umonakalo.

I-Android 13

I-Android 13 inguqulo ye-Android, isistimu yokusebenza yamadivayisi eselula, eyakhululwa ngoJuni 2020. Iyinguqulo ethuthuke kakhulu ye-Android enezici eziningi ezintsha nokuthuthukiswa.

I-Android 13 ifaka nenguqulo entsha ye-Google Play Services API eyaziwa ngokuthi Isikhathi sokusebenza se-Android (ART). Le API isuselwe olimini lokuhlela lwe-Java futhi ivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinolwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi. Le API futhi ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, izici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, nokuhambisana okukhulu namadivayisi e-Android.

Esinye isici esivelele se-Android 13 ukusekelwa kwenkundla entsha ye-virtual reality ye-Google, I-Daydream. Le nkundla ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bajabulele okuqukethwe kwento engekho ngokoqobo kumadivayisi abo eselula. Le nkundla iphinde inikeze ulwazi olunzulu ngomsebenzisi oluthuthuke kakhulu ngenxa yezithombe ezithuthukisiwe, usekelo lwezilawuli ezinyakazayo, nokuhambisana okukhulu namadivayisi e-Android.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini ze-Android, i-Android 13 inikela ngenani lentuthuko ebalulekile kubasebenzisi. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kufaka phakathi ukusebenzelana kwesimanjemanje komsebenzisi, ulwazi olunzulu ngomsebenzisi olungcono, ukusebenzisana okukhulu namadivayisi e-Android, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, nokuphepha okungcono. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwenza i-Android 13 ibe inguqulo ethuthuke kakhulu eyandulelayo futhi inikeze ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu empumelelweni ye-Android.